Before I start writing this article, here is a disclaimer. I am not writing this article to rubbish Nigeria as a country and I […]

Simply having a wired or wireless physical connection between end devices is not enough to enable communication. For communication to occur, devices must know “how” […]

Knowing the OSI reference model and the TCP/IP protocol model will come in handy when you learn about how data is encapsulated as it moves […]

In my previous article, I have talked much about how data travels across the network. In this article, I want to talk more about MAC […]

If your network is using the IPv4 communications protocol, the Address Resolution Protocol, or ARP, is what you need to map IPv4 addresses to MAC […]

Application layer programs generate data that must be exchanged between the source and destination hosts. The transport layer is responsible for logical communications between applications […]

You already know the fundamentals of TCP. Understanding the role of port numbers will help you to grasp the details of the TCP communication process. […]

The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) for IPv4 service automates the assignment of IPv4 addresses, subnet masks, gateways, and other IPv4 networking parameters. This is […]

The webservers that we so often connect to using names like www⋅cisco⋅com, are actually reached by assigning IP addresses to packets. On the internet, these […]

  The network devices that people are most familiar with are end devices. To distinguish one end device from another, each end device on a […]

Now that the router has determined the best path for a packet based on the longest match, it must determine how to encapsulate the packet […]

When it comes to general security breaches, home networks are the most susceptible to attacks. The reason is that home network users always have the […]

IP was designed as a Layer 3 connectionless protocol. It provides the necessary functions to deliver a packet from a source host to a destination […]